James 40X’s voice crackled through the phone, as if his whole life was on the move. I told him I’d meet him right away, near Supreme Bean Pie’s bakery, at the Nation of Islam’s headquarters in the ...

Taking over from the organization's founder, Elijah Muhammad helmed the Nation of Islam during a period of limited growth. Malcolm X's arrival in 1952 ushered in a time of dramatically increased ...

Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder of the Black Muslim movement, concluded the tutorial of his designated successor, Elijah Muhammad, in 1934. That was the year Fard, who under the Nation of Islam’s ...

Thus, while Malcolm’s break from the Nation of Islam reflected a shift toward a more internationalist approach to Black self-determination, his commitment to justice remained as radical and as ...