In 1927, the term "picture element," later abbreviated to "pixel," appeared for the first time in the American technology ...
A nanoscale optical device has been developed that allows independent control over the intensity and phase of light. By applying voltage, this innovative device can freely manipulate the phase and ...
Fluorescent actinometers enable the measurement of light intensity even in the depths of samples and over wide ranges of wavelengths and intensities. We introduce two protocols to quantitatively ...
The ability to precisely generate and manipulate three-dimensional (3D) vectorial optical fields is crucial for advancing applications in volumetric displays, secure data encoding, and optical ...